Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic conditions that cause ongoing inflammation in the digestive tract. The two main types are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
IBD can affect people differently. Some may experience frequent symptoms, while others may have long periods with few or no symptoms. The condition can also change over time, which is why ongoing medical care and monitoring are important.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease can cause inflammation anywhere along the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus, although it commonly affects the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the colon.
The inflammation may occur in patches and can extend through multiple layers of the intestinal wall.
Common symptoms can include:
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain or cramping
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Reduced appetite
- Fever
- Blood in the stool in some people
Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis affects the large intestine, including the colon and rectum.
Unlike Crohn's disease, the inflammation usually begins in the rectum and extends continuously through part or all of the colon. It primarily affects the inner lining of the intestine.
Common symptoms may include:
- Diarrhea
- Blood or mucus in the stool
- Abdominal pain
- Urgency to have a bowel movement
- Fatigue
- Weight loss in some people
What Causes IBD?
The exact cause of IBD is not fully understood.
Researchers believe several factors may play a role, including:
- The immune system
- Genetics
- The intestinal microbiome
- Environmental factors
IBD is not caused by something a person did wrong, and it is not simply the result of stress or a particular food.
IBD Is Different From IBS
IBD and irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, are different conditions.
IBD involves inflammation and can cause visible changes or damage in the digestive tract.
IBS affects how the digestive system functions but does not cause the same type of ongoing intestinal inflammation.
Because some symptoms can overlap, a healthcare professional may recommend testing to determine what is causing them.
How Is IBD Treated?
Treatment is individualized.
Depending on the type and severity of IBD, treatment may include medications that reduce inflammation or modify the immune response. Some people may also need surgery.
The goals of treatment often include:
- Controlling inflammation
- Reducing symptoms
- Achieving and maintaining remission
- Preventing complications
- Supporting quality of life
Living With IBD
IBD is a chronic condition, but many people with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis continue to work, travel, attend school, raise families, exercise, and participate in the activities that matter to them.
Learning about the condition, staying connected with a healthcare team, and having supportive people around you can make the journey easier to navigate.